ATP synthase couples ATP (red) synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate (orange) to a proton gradient (yellow) created across the mitochondrial membrane during cellular respiration.

Tiamin: “Kunci Siklus Krebs” yang Ubah Nasi Jadi ATP Tanpa Lelah Berjam-jam

Tiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) kofaktor piruvat dehidrogenase → piruvat → asetil-CoA masuk siklus Krebs → 1 glukosa = 38 ATP. Tanpa B1, piruvat jadi laktat → […]

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